Sensor networks refer to a group of spatially distributed sensors that work together to monitor physical or environmental conditions. These sensors can be placed in various locations, such as buildings, vehicles, or in the natural environment, and are typically equipped with wireless communication capabilities. The data collected from these sensors can be used for a wide range of applications, including environmental monitoring, surveillance, healthcare monitoring, and smart city initiatives. Sensor networks are often used to collect real-time data, make automated decisions, and provide timely feedback to users or systems. The design and deployment of sensor networks involve challenges related to energy efficiency, data fusion, communication protocols, and security.